Different types of biological wast generated in hospitals

 

 Hospital waste include the following: -

1.  General Refuse like house hold garbage:

        Includes paper, glass, textiles and kitchen waste.

2. Waste from medical environment :-  Cluster , casts , disposiable clotting , banges , disposable syring , drip bags , residues from hospital Laboratory and research units.

          3. Infectious waste :-  Microbiological waste like culture , blood and blood products , body fluids ,

           human and animals tissue or organs removed at biopsy , surgeryor or autopsy , placenta and

            other products of conception , swabs and other soiled items .

      4.  Non – Infectious hazardous waste :- It Includes chemicals, Radioactive and Pharmacological .

Ø  The amount of waste generated in hospitals under Indian conditions has been estimaled as

1-2 kg per bed . on an average about 85% is harmless and only 15% is hazardous.

v  Method of disposal of waste :- Several Methods of waste treatments are available and the choice of method is based on the item of waste and facilities available. The place of final disposal may be in the premises or away from crowded areas if possible. Some of the methods are :

ü  Chemical Disinfections : - Useful method for many items , particularly in clinics .

Eg : - Sputum or pus are to be disinfected before being buried or autoclaved .

ü  Deep burial : - Materials after chemical disinfection are put in drop trenches covered with time and filled with soil .

ü  Incineration : - Incineration is a process by which waste material is burnt into less bulky osh like material with the help of very high temperature which would be only about a tenth of the origin[al volume . The heat produced by bunners is at a temperature of 2000˚c - 3000˚c. It is very effective and expensive and is generally used only by very establishments .

ü  Autoclaving : - widely used in laboratories and clinics for treating . infectious waste before disposal .

ü  Microwave : - used for sterilization of small volume waste . It cannot be used for animal and human body parts , metals item or toxic or radioactive material .

ü  Liquid Waste : - Pathological , chemical or toxic liquid waste should be properly treated with disinfectant or reagents and heurilization before flushing into the sewer.