SEMEN ANALYSIS
Introduction
Problem with male semen a counts for 40% of all infertility
another 40% released to female reproducts and harmon problem. The remaining 20%
the pather semen Analysis is the cornerstone of testing for male in fertility
this test provides important information about the quality and quantity of the
sperm.
Semen is a composite solution consisting basically of
spermatozoa suspended in the seminal plasma.
Semen is viscid neutral by slightly Alkaline and pale yellow
colour due to its flavien content.
Collection of
specime3n (Semen)
The usually recommended specimen one collected following a
three day period of continence.
The most satisfactory – The specimen collected by
masturbation in the clinical pathological Laboratory. This aloss a complete
examination of the sperm particularly the liquification.
The specimen should be delivered with in 30min in
laboratory.
(Note: - Wide mouth clean and dry bottle (50ml).
Precaution
The specimen should not be collected in condoms , Since the
power or lubricate applied in condoms may be spermici.The container in
which the specimen is collected should be free from detergent.
Storage
The specimen should be examin immediately after collection.
If it is necessary to dtore then it should be kept at R.T (25 ± 50C
)
Sperm are easly damaged by either excessive heat or
excessive cold.
Morphology of human
spermatozoa
Each normal human spermatozoa is made up of two main parts.
1.
A Head :- It is flat and measure measure
approximetly 0.5 micrometer in length 3 micrometer in wide and 1.5 micrometer
in thick.
2.
A Tail :-
The tail measure about 50µm. It consist of 3 parts. The mid piece, The principal
piece thr terminal piece.
3. The
tail means by which the sperms move.
Precaution
Name of the patient, Date & Time of Sample (semen)
collection , Length of absentise and the time of interval between the
collection analysis should be reconered in the semen analysis report.
Composition
The prostrating fluid in semen is acidic contain acid phosphate and proteolytic enzymes which acts
on the coagulum of the semen vesicles, thus resulting liquefication on the
semen problem may their for inferty lesation.
Spermatozoa are cells which fertilized the egg, they are the
main focus when performing a semen analysis.
Source of secration %
ejaculate
i.
Testis 5%
ii.
Seminal 46
– 80 %
iii.
Prostate 13
– 33 %
iv.
Bulbo urethral and urethral gland 2 –
5 %
Routine examination of semen
Throughly mix the sample before Examination.
Physical examination
:- Which is performed after a
maximum of 60 min by which the time of liquiofication is complete.
1.
Colour
and Appearance :- Normal semen is grey white, Vicid and Opque.
Case of Altered semen colour
i.
Yellow
Colour – Pyo spermmia (inflammatory cause) billrubin presence.
ii.
Rust
Colour (blooding) – Minnar bleeding in the seminal vesical.
2. Volume :- Normal volume is 2-5 ml per
ejaculate.
Abnormal Volume
i.
Hypo
spermia - <1.5 ml is called Hypo spermia.
ii.
Hyper
spermia – Increase in semen volum >5.5 ml (A very rare phenomena )
iii.
A
Spermia – Means the total Absess ejaculate.
iv.
AZoo
spermia – Means the Abscess of Spermatozoa in semen.
v.
Oligo
Spermia – Oligo spermia known as hyper spermia.
3. Viscosity :- Take the specimen in the
pasture piyette and expel it. The specimen whith normal viscosity can be poured
drop by drop.
Ø
Inccreased viscosity result in poor invasion of
cervical mucus as demonstrate by post coital
studies.
4.
Liquefication
time :- Normally a sample of semen fealiure liquefy in 60 minute
indicates in adequate prostratic secresion.
Chemical Examinattion
Determination of PH
:- By Ph paper strip method, normal 7.2 – 7.6 . Cause of ulteration in the
ph.
Ø
7< - Obstruction to ejaculatory duct and conjenitial
absence of seminal vesical. Such specimen contain mainly prostatic secretions
and hence and acitic Ph.
Ø
Lesser then >7 – acute infection of the
prostatic (Accute prostaties). Seminal vesicle and epididymis.
Quantitative
determination of semen.
This is based on the principal that the fructose react with
resorcinol. In the strong acidic medium to give a red colour complete which is
compare with the known fructose slandered at 490nm.
Normal range :- 150 – 300
mg/dL
Ø
High fruetose lavel; (> 300 mg/dL) is Associated
with low counts.
Ø
Low fruetose lavel (<150 mg/dL) it associated
with decreased testrone and respond well to testestrone tharepy.
Study of motility of sperm
a.
Place a small drop of liquefied semen on a glass
slide and cover it with cover slide.
b.
Examine the cover slip preparation under the
high power objective reduced elimination.
c.
Count the number of active motile sperm and
out of the total count of the sperm.
d.
Culculate the sperm showing the actual
progressing motion.
e.
Examine the slide after 2 hrs, 3 hrs and 6 hrs,
To present the drying effect of cover slip preparation should be placed under a
petridish with moist filter paper.
f.
Observe for pus cells, epithelial; cell , red
blood cell and for other finding.
Determination of sperm count
a.
After liquification gently mix the specimen.
b.
Draw the semen up to the 0.5 mark of a WBC
Pipette.
c.
Draw in the semen diluting fluid to the 11 mark
and mix well.
d.
Load the improved neubour chamber and allow the
sperm to the settle for about 5 minute.
e.
Count sperm in the four corners sequare.
Calculating
Sperm Count
The formula for calculating
the sperm count, when 5 small squares within the large center square are
counted is:
Number of sperm counted x dilution factor/volume x 1000 = sperm/ml.
Example: 50 sperm are counted in the five small squares. The dilution is 1:20.
Sperm/ml = 50 x 20/0.02 mm3 x 1000 mm3/ml =
50,000,000 sperm/ml.
If the dilution is 1:20, and the usual 5 small squares are counted, then the
formula can be simplified as follow:
Sperm/ml = Sperm counted x 1,000,000.
Composition of semen diluting fluid
Sodium bicarbonate 5
gms
Formalin 1
gm
D/W 99
ml
It should be stored at R.T
Normal Range 40
– 300 millions/ml
Cause of Low count
a.
Infection :- mumps or chetis prostanitis
b.
Obstruction :- Occlusion or absence of efferent
duct.
Endo crinopathies :- Hipo pitutarism, hypo gonodism, hypo
and hyper throdisim &estrogen secration tumors.
Determination of morphology of sperms
a.
After liquification make a thin smear of the
semen on a glass (similar to blood smear)
b.
Let it dry in the air and then heat very gently
to fix. If necessary remove the mucous by diping the smear in the semen
diluting fluid & then in D/W.
c.
Stain the smear by using Leishman stain or stain
0.2% (weight/volum). Aqueous bnasic fuchsin for 5 min.
Normal Observatiom Colour
Spermetozoa heat caps light blue
Nuclear posterior Dark
blue
Bodies & Tail Red
or Pink
Spermetazoa size 50
– 70 m
Head size 3-6µ
x 2-3µ
Observation for other abnormalities
i.
Abnormally shaped head.
ii.
Abnormally size head (Giant or minut head).
iii.
Double heads
iv.
Vacuoles in the chromatin.
v.
Middle section – Absent, swollen.
vi.
Tail – May be rudimentary, double or absent.
Intresting article
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